Fall 99 note: As in the past, I make no effort to use correct
symbolism on these past exam postings. You are responsible for
correct symbolism.
I'm posting this to the web, because the newsgroup is so full
with essay claims that this would be difficult to find. Still,
I'm not including images.
I've put exams from fall 98 first.

Please don't print this out. It is huge!

This is fall 98 exam 3

1. (3) Write the name of the deep groove on the line leading to
it at the top of the figure below. Write the names of the
structures on the other 2 lines leading to the structures
below.

2. In the "steps" shown to the
right, which enzyme(s)
is/are used?
A) DNA ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) restriction enzyme
D) reverse transcriptase

3. In the "steps" shown to the
right, which enzyme(s)
is/are used?
A) DNA ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) restriction enzyme
D) reverse transcriptase

4. Which of the following sequences along a double stranded
DNA molecule may be recognized as a cutting site for a
particular restriction enzyme?
A) AAGG B) ACCA C) AGTC D) GGCC E) TTTT
TTCC TGGT TCAG CCGG AAAA

5. The human genome project involves all of the following except the
A) analysis of the genomes of other species
B) sequencing of the entire human genome
C) physical mapping of the chromosomes
D) alteration of the human genome
E) location of RFLP markers

6. Impulses coming from a sensory receptor of the foot detecting the
tickle of a feather are carried to the cerebral cortex by
neuronal processes found in the
A) Afferent division B) CNS C) Efferent division
D) Parasympathetic division E) Sympathetic division

7. Which of the following is not true of complementary DNA?
A) It can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
B) It can be used as a probe to locate a gene of interest.
C) It can be used to create a complete genomic library.
D) It does not contain the introns of eukaryotic genes.
E) It is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.

8. Ascending pathways in the spinal cord convey
A) commissural impulses B) motor impulses
C) sensory impulses D) all of these

9. Which of the following techniques would be most useful for
increasing the amount of DNA available for testing from a small
sample of preserved tissue?
A) electroporation B) gel electrophoresis
C) in situ hybridization D) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
E) RFLP analysis

10. According to Marieb, the three phases of neuron development
occur in which order?
A) cellular differentiation, migration, proliferation
B) cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration
C) migration, cellular differentiation, proliferation
D) migration, proliferation, cellular differentiation
E) proliferation, cellular differentiation, migration
F) proliferation, migration, cellular differentiation

11. Which one or more of the choices is/are not part of the central
nervous system?
A) a nerve B) a tract
C) the brain D) the spinal cord

12. The brain area most concerned with equilibrium, body posture and
coordination of motor activity is the ____________________________

13. Write the names of the cells on the lines leading to them below.

14. Write the name of the nervous system structure
on the line leading to it.

15. Which letter in
the figure below
best represents the
medulla oblongata?

16. Which lettered line best indicates a ventral root?

17. Which of the choices is/are primarily expressed in the fetus?

18. What process(es) led to the production of the current
globin genes from the ancestral beta globin gene?
A) duplication
B) mutation
C) transposition
D) all of the above

19. Chemical synapses are characterized by all of the following except
A) a fluid filled gap separating the neurons
B) ions flowing through protein channels from the
presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron
C) postsynaptic membranes bearing receptors that bind
neurotransmitters
D) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic membranes

20. Describe the basis of biofeedback training.

21. Do you believe that osteogenin is an example of a protein
encoded by a homeotic gene? Justify your answer with a
biological explanation.

22. Describe 2 possible causes of CVA's (strokes).

23. Mutant genes that predispose people to the development of cancer
have been identified. Why is it that those genes only predispose
people to cancer, rather than certainly causing cancer in every
person who is born with them?

24. Define the job of central pattern generators, without using
the words central, pattern and generators!

25. The ______________________________________ division
of the autonomic nervous system increases heart
rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure.

26. (3) Explain, using precise genetic terminology, why 2 parents of
average height can have an exceptionally tall child. Note that
this is a three point question. I want to see genotypes of both
parents (2 points) and the child (1 point) using symbols that
you have precisely defined, following accepted rules of genetic
symbolism.
(Note, disregard any environmental contributions from diet, etc.)

27. Part of figure 15.3, "Hierarchy of motor control", is shown below.
Write the names of the featured structures on the lines leading
to them.

28. Based upon the diagram below,
the obturator nerve is supplied
by (originates from) which roots? _________________________________

With your signature below, you indicate that the above answers and
the work you did to prepare for this exam are your own work. You also
indicate that you understand that you must send dpietras an e-mail
from your ubunix account after you get your grade on this exam and
before Dec. 19, 1998 requesting to attempt the section(s) of the
final exam of your choice on 12/21/98 starting at 11:45, and that you
realize that your relevant hourly exam scores will then be set to zero.

Your signature: _________________________________________________________
I will record your grade out of 33 points here: _______/33 (32 required)

I will record your total
points for the course here: _______/100
I will record your letter grade for the course
if you do NOT write any part of the final here: ____

here is the answer key for exam 3 fall 98

1. Which of the choices is/are primarily expressed in the fetus?
D and E no partial credit lecture

2. What process(es) led to the production of the current
G-gamma and A-gamma globin genes from the ancestral
beta globin gene?
A) duplication
B) mutation
C) transposition
D) all of the above
A and B no partial credit lecture
The transposition event has NO BEARING on the evolution of the gamma's
from the ancestral beta! That is, the transposition event did NOT change
the structure of the ancestral beta, os it had nothing to do with the
production of the gammas from the ancestral beta!

3. Do you believe that osteogenin is an example of a protein
encoded by a homeotic gene? Justify your answer with a
biological explanation.
Either Yes or No acceptable, if justified as below!
yes, because I can't imagine that just the presence of a single protein
changes muscle cells into bone unless that protein is a regulator of many
genes that need to have their expression changed in order to produce bone
from muscle.
or
no, because osteogenin apparently works from OUTSIDE the cell, while
homeotic genes clearly act in the nucleus of cells.
understanding lecture, although I admit that is a stretch!

4. Mutant genes that predispose people to the development of cancer
have been identified. Why is it that those genes only predispose
people to cancer, rather than certainly causing cancer in every
person who is born with them?
Because the development of cancer is a multi-step process, requiring
multiple genes to be mutated. Inheriting just one mutant gene is not
sufficient to certainly produce cancer.
homework CT & CA #4, chap 4 marieb, applied to this current material.
No, I don't know why I keep writing these sort of questions! The Bills
are in first place. I had a nice tuna sub for supper. I'm about as
happy as I get. And these questions just keep rolling off my fingers....

5. (3) Explain, using precise genetic terminology, why 2 parents of
average height can have an exceptionally tall child. Note that this
is a three point question. I want to see genotypes of both parents
(2 points) and the child (1 point) using symbols that you have
precisely defined, following accepted rules of genetic symbolism.
(Note, disregard any environmental contributions from diet, etc.)
The A, B and C genes are involved in height in humans
(I will require at least 3. You may have many more. -1 if less than 3)
The alleles symbolized by upper case letters A,B,C are those that
produce tall heights.
The alleles symbolized by lower case letters a, b, c are those that
produce short heights.
So, parents that are average height and genotypically Aa Bb Cc can
produce a child that has the genotype AABBCC and would be exceptionally
tall.
understanding lecture and homework and applying the principles.
You know, I'm listening to a bball game, and the team I'm rooting for
is winning a tournament right now, and these questions STILL keep
rolling off my fingers. I simply MUST stop this before the final!

6. Which of the following sequences along a double stranded
DNA molecule may be recognized as a cutting site for a
particular restriction enzyme?
A) AAGG B) ACCA C) AGTC D) GGCC E) TTTT
TTCC TGGT TCAG CCGG AAAA
D lecture and # 8 chap 19

8. In the "steps" shown to the right,
which enzyme(s) is/are used?
A) DNA ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) restriction enzyme
D) reverse transcriptase
A and C Lecture and #1 chap 19 (0.5 each if none incorrect)

9. In the "steps" shown to the right,
which enzyme(s) is/are used?
A) DNA ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) restriction enzyme
D) reverse transcriptase
B lecture and #4 chapter 19, although I admit that you needed to
THINK about the fact that more DNA had to be synthesized naturally
by the plant as it grew! Why do I keep doing this? Is it that I am
now looking forward to having a leftover half of a tuna sub for
Thanksgiving dinner? Hmmm, that just might be the explanation....
I would expect a student in my 300 level genetics courses in the
past to have answered A and B, so if you have A and B, that's OK.

10. Which of the following techniques would be most useful for
increasing the amount of DNA available for testing from a small
sample of preserved tissue?
A) electroporation B) gel electrophoresis
C) in situ hybridization D) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
E) RFLP analysis
D. Lecture and #4, chap 19 Campbell

11. The human genome project involves
all of the following except the
A) alteration of the human genome
B) analysis of the genomes of other species
C) location of RFLP markers
D) physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) sequencing of the entire human genome
A lec and #5 chap 19

12. Impulses coming from a sensory receptor of the foot detecting
the tickle of a feather are carried to the cerebral cortex by
neuronal processes found in the
A) Afferent division
B) CNS
C) Efferent division
D) Parasympathetic division
E) Sympathetic division
A and B (0.5 each if none incorrect) Lecture and that damn tuna sub...
At least I'm giving 0.5 point to those who forget B!

13. Write the names of the cells on the lines leading to them below.
satellite (upper) Schwann (lower) (0.5 each) lec and #2 chap 11

14. Which one or more of the choices is/are
not part of the central nervous system?
A) a nerve B) a tract
C) the brain D) the spinal cord
A lecture and #1 chap 11

15. Chemical synapses are characterized by all of the following except
A) a fluid filled gap separating the neurons
B) ions flowing through protein channels from the
presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron
C) postsynaptic membranes bearing receptors that bind
neurotransmitters
D) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic membranes
B Lecture and Chap 11 # 6

16. According to Marieb, the three phases of neuron development
occur in which order?
A) cellular differentiation, migration, proliferation
B) cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration
C) migration, cellular differentiation, proliferation
D) migration, proliferation, cellular differentiation
E) proliferation, cellular differentiation, migration
F) proliferation, migration, cellular differentiation
F # 25 chap 11

17. (3) Write the name of the deep groove on the line leading to
it at the top of the figure below. Write the names of the
structures on the other 2 lines leading to the structures below.
Longitudinal fissure #12c chap 12
Corpus callosum lecture and #5 chap 12
thalamus lecture and #5 chap 12

18. Which letter best represents the medulla oblongata?
H lecture and # 5 chap 12

19. The brain area most concerned
with equilibrium, body posture and
coordination of motor activity is the ____________________________
cerebellum lec and #5 chap 12

20. Ascending pathways in the spinal cord convey
A) commissural impulses
B) motor impulses
C) sensory impulses
D) all of these
C lecture and # 6 chap 12

21. Describe 2 possible causes of CVA's (strokes).
Blockage of a blood vessel in/to the brain or
rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.
#29 chap 12

22. Which lettered line best indicates a ventral root?
J lecture and #12 chap 13

23. Based upon the diagram below,
the obturator nerve is supplied
by (originates from) which roots? ________________________________
L2, L3 and L4, no partial credit. Understanding lecture and #13 chap 13

24. The ___________________________ division of the autonomic nervous
system increases heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure.
sympathetic
lecture and #2 chap 14

25. Write the name of the
nervous system structure
on the line leading to it.
vagus nerve
lecture

26. Describe the basis of biofeedback training.
The basis of biofeedback training is the use of technology to
make patients aware of changes within their bodies that they
normally have little or no awareness of, such as blood pressure.
#12 chap 14

27. Part of figure 15.3, "Hierarchy of motor control", is shown below.
Write the names of the featured structures on the lines leading to
them.
motor cortex or precentral gyrus (+0.5)
cerebellum (+0.5) lecture and homeworks

28. Define the job of central pattern generators, without using
the words central, pattern and generators!
Segmental circuits of the spinal cord that control locomotion
("and oft-repeated motor activity")
lecture and #9 chapter 15

Your signature: _____________________________________________
I will record your grade out of 32 points here: _______/32
I will record your total
points for the course here: _______/100
I will record your letter grade for the course
if you do NOT write any part of the final here: ____

here is a crude answer key for the final section 3 of fall 98.
I don't have answer keys to distribute right after the exam,
so at times the final exam answer key aren't very precise.

1. Which of the choices is/are present in the adult genome?
F (all of the above)
no partial credit lecture and application of #2 chapter 18 Campbell.
yes, I DO think the best students would have gotten this correct!

2. Diagram of eye, asking for which line indicates the lens.
supplemental lecture about Smell, taste and vision

3. The protein osteogenin is composed of
A) cells B) tissues C) molecules D) organs
E) residues of amino acids F) residues of fatty acids
G) residues of nucleosides H) residues of nucleotides
E understanding lecture notes, understanding supplemental homework
from nutrition section, review of section 1. My prediction is
that LOTS of people will get this wrong, because they refuse
to understand the levels of biological organization, with
chemistry as the basis.

4. Specifically explain why chemicals in cigarette smoke cause lung
cancer, but explain this at the level a person in the general
public would understand the answer.
An answer: Chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause changes in the DNA,
the hereditary information molecule, in all of our cells. When several
of these changes accumulate in the DNA in lung cells, the function of
the cell is changed so much that cancer is produced.
Incorrect answers will include terms like mutation, proto-oncogenes,
oncogenes, etc, without having defined those words using simpler terms!
lecture and challenge #3, chap 18, campbell

5. A woman has two children. One has type O blood, the other has
type B blood. Which of the choices might correctly indicate
the genotype of the mother? (no partial credit)
A) IA IA B) IB IB C) ii
D) IA i E) IB i F) IA IB
G) all of the above
C, D, and E modification of #6 chap 30

6. A woman and a man have 2 children. One has blood type O, the other
has blood type B. What might be the blood type of the father?
(no partial credit)
A) type A
B) type B
C) type O
D) type AB
A, B and C modification of #6 chap 30

7. Define autosomes.
"chromosomes that dictate most body characteristics" or
All chromosomes except the X and Y or similar
#1 chap 30

8. Which of the following sequences along a double stranded
DNA molecule may be recognized as a cutting site for a
particular restriction enzyme?
A) AACGTT B) CACCAC C) TCAGTC D) TTTTTT
TTGCAA GTGGTG AGTCAG AAAAAA
A lecture and modified # 8 chap 19

12. For whichever choice you made above, how frequently would
a restriction enzyme that recognized that sequence cut
human DNA? (That is, such a restriction enzyme would
cut human DNA once every how many base pairs, on average?)
One every 4096 base pairs, on average.

9. Which of the following is not true of complementary DNA?
A) It can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
B) It can be used as a probe to locate a gene of interest.
C) It can be used to create a complete genomic library.
D) It does not contain the introns of eukaryotic genes.
E) It is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.
C lecture and # 2 chap 19

10. In the "steps" shown to the right,
which enzyme(s) is/are used?
A) DNA ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) restriction enzyme
D) reverse transcriptase
A and C Lecture, exam 3 and #1 chap 19 (0.5 each if none incorrect)

11. Which of the following has not yet been attempted or achieved,
as far as we know?
A. Genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles
B. Introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes
C. Prenatal identification of genetic disease genes
D. Production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism
E. Production of subunits of viruses that may serve as vaccines
B # 6 chap 19 Campbell

13. The human genome project involves
all of the following except the
A) alteration of the human genome
B) analysis of the genomes of other species
C) location of RFLP markers
D) physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) sequencing of the entire human genome
A lec and #5 chap 19 and exam 3

14. Which one or more of the choices is/are
part of the central nervous system?
A) a nerve B) a tract
C) the brain D) the spinal cord
B, C and D (no partial credit) lecture and modified #1 chap 11

15. What is the structural classification of the neuron below?
unipolar. lecture

16. What is the name of the cell that
myelinates nerve fibers in the CNS? ___________________________
oligodendrocyte(s) lec and #2 chap 11

17. What is the importance of the "gaps" at the ends of the arrows below?
Action potentials "jump" from gap to gap, thus allowing fast propagation
of the action potentials.
Lecture.

18. What is the enzymatic function of acetylcholinesterase?
To degrade acetylcholine. #9 chap 11

19. Which letter indicates
the temporal lobe?
lecture and #1 chap 12

20. Which lettered line in the diagram below indicates the
corpus callosum?
lec and choice in #2 chap 12

21. Which lettered line in the diagram above indicates the hypothalamus?
lec and #2 chap 12

22. Which lettered line(s) in the diagram above indicates where the
reticular formation is located?
lecture and #19 chap 12

23. Clearly explain what the terms paraplegia and hemiplegia mean,
and how the two conditions differ.
paraplegia: motor/sensory loss in lower limbs
hemplegia: paralysis on one side of body.
(I added the "and how they differ" clause so that if a person answered
"they both result in paralysis of 2 limbs" I could take off credit."

24. The most specific name
of the outermost covering
(labeled 1 in the diagram below) is the __________________________
dura mater #20 and 24, chap 12

25. Which lettered line in the diagram above
best indicates the/a ventral root?
lecture and # 24, chap 12

26. Define the term plexus, as used in the peripheral nervous system.
an area in which various "branches" from spinal nerves divide, merge and
redistribute into susequent "branches". or an "interlacing nerve network"
lecture and #13 chap 13

27. The optic nerve is a
A) chemoreceptor B) mechanoreceptor
C) motor ending D) photoreceptor
E) none of the above
E lec and #9 chap 13. No, this was neither tricky nor detailed. It was
developed as I kept looking at a page of notes, needing to get a question,
and I thought "Well, this will test whether they know the most
fundamental definitions of the components of the PNS."

28. Explain why damage to peripheral nerve fibers is often reversible,
whereas damage to CNS fibers rarely is.
the supporting cells are crucial. Particularly, the Schwann cells in
the PNS remain alive after the injury, and guide and stimulate regrowth
of the axon. However, in the CNS, the oligodendrocytes around the
injured axon die.
#11 chap 13

29. The ___________________________ division of the autonomic nervous
system is "characterized" by the words "craniosacral outflow".
parasympathetic
lecture and #2 chap 14

30. Define analgesia.
Reduced ability to feel pain, not accompanied by loss of
consciousness.
RCT homework.

31. The neural machinery of the spinal cord is at the
A) programs level
B) projection level
C) segmental level
C lecture and #3 chap 15

32. Damage to which of the areas eliminates consciousness?
none of the above. Lecture

33. EXTRA CREDIT ESSAY! (1 point for expression of an opinion
supported by a reasonably good English statement)
The surprise ending of the material about using field programmable
gate arrays to develop an electrical "ear" was that back-engineering
failed to learn how the "ear" worked! Only 32 of the gates were
working, and yet engineers could NOT figure out how the ear was working!
In your opinion, will any of us in this room today learn how our
brains work to produce our consciousness? Why or why not?
No, not even if some of you live to be 300 years old!
Our brains are just too complicated, and there is NO LOGIC to our brains,
they just evolved from random mutation of DNA instructions! Scientists
will try to think of logical ways that our brains work, and they will
fail, because evolution is not logical!
If anybody writes yes and supports it with a little essay, they
will also get the extra credit.

With your signature below, you indicate that the above answers and
the work you did to prepare for this exam are your own work.

Your signature: ____________________________________________________
I will record your grade out of 32 points here: _______/33 (32 required)

Fall 96 note: Remember that in the past, I put the questions in
roughly chronological order. This year, the order will be scrambled.
this first exam is the fall 95 am exam 3 answer key.
note that at the end, I show what the grade entries on the
last page of your exam 3 will look like. that is, on the last
page of your exam 3, I will include what your letter grade will
be if you do not take the final exam.
I have left questions from chap 16 on this posting, even though I
think we will only get through Chap 15 this fall 96 semester.
Remember that not all symbols can be properly shown in this
ascii text format. You will be responsible for the correct
symbols on the exams.
6 ___ Apparently, your muscle cells are different from
your nerve cells mainly because they
A) contain different genes
B) express different genes
C) have different chromosomes
D) use different genetic codes
B lecture and #2 chap 18
7 ___ Which of these conditions is caused by recessive genes?
A) Albinism B) blood type A
C) Down syndrome D) Huntington's disease
A lec and #5 chap 30
8 ___ Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology
is incorrectly paired with its use?
A) DNA ligase - enzyme that cuts DNA
B) DNA polymerase - used in PCR to amplify sections of DNA
C) electrophoresis - DNA sequencing
D) restriction enzyme - production of RFLPs
E) reverse transcriptase - production of cDNA
A lec and #1 chap 19
9 ___ Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering
than are animals because
A) a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant
B) more vectors are available for plant cells
C) plant cells have larger nuclei
D) plant genes do not contain introns
E) recombinant genes can be inserted into plant cells
by microinjection
A lec and #3 chap 19
10 ___ Which of the following has not yet been attempted or achieved?
A) genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles
B) introduction of genetically engineered genes
into human germ cells
C) prenatal identification of genetic disease genes
D) production of hormones for treating human diseases
B lec and #6 chap 19
11 ___ The human genome project involves
all of the following except the
A) alteration of the human genome
B) analysis of the genomes of other species
C) location of RFLP markers
D) physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) sequencing of the entire human genome
A lec and #5 chap 19
12 ___ Which of the following are part of the
central nervous system? (no partial credit)
A) Brain B) Spinal cord
C) Spinal nerves D) all of these
` A and B lec and #1 chap 11
13 ___ Which type of neuron is most abundant?
A) association B) ependymal
C) motor D) sensory
A lec
14 ___ Which of these is not a peripheral nerve
that comes from the brachial plexus?
A) axillary B) femoral
C) radial D) ulnar
B #13 chap 13
15 ___ The neural machinery of the spinal cord is at the
A) programs level
B) projection level
C) segmental level
C lec and # 3 chap 15
19 (1) Explain the functional difference between hemoglobin
containing beta globin rather than alpha globin proteins.
The 2 hemoglobins have different oxygen affinities. Lecture
20 (1) Marieb states that "the last phase of neuron development
is cellular differentiation of amitotic neuroblasts."
What does amitotic mean? ("Circular" answers get zero credit.)
Non-dividing #25 chap 11
21 (1) Why is an EPSP excitatory?
makes membrane potential less negative lec
22 (1) Why do people with multiple sclerosis lose some ability
to control skeletal muscles?
The loss of myelination interferes with action potential
propagation or "impulse conduction". CT/A #4 chap 11
23 (1) How is the limbic system important in behavior?
it is the emotional brain lec
24 (1) Visual information is carried from the eye
toward the brain by the _________________________ nerve
optic lec
25 (1) Define analgesia.
lessening of pain without loss of consciousness RCT chap 15

"pain relieving" +.5 (coma inducing would be pain relieving)
31 (1) The figure below
shows the procedure called ________________________________
amniocentesis
fig 30.10A
32 (1) What is the name of the blackened
structure in the diagram below ? ______________________
thalamus lec
12.9
33 (1) Which lettered region is the cerebellum? ______
fig 12.8
34 (1) Which letter shows a ventral root? _____
fig 12.26
35 (1) Write the name of the blackened structure in the figure below
on the line leading to it.
sympathetic chain or sympathetic trunk lecture
fig 14.4
Your signature: ______________________________
I will record your grade out of 35 points here: _______/35
I will record your course score out of 100 points here: ________/100
I will record your course letter grade
if you do not take any of the final exam here: __________
This next exam is fall 95 PM exam 3 with answers.
6 ___ Apparently, your muscle cells are different from
your nerve cells mainly because they
A) contain different genes
B) express different genes
C) have different chromosomes
D) use different genetic codes
B lecture and #2 chap 18
7 ___ Which of these conditions exhibit polygene inheritance?
A) albinism B) blood type O
C) color of skin D) Down syndrome
C lecture
8 ___ Which of the following is not true of complementary DNA?
A) It can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
B) It can be used as a probe to locate a gene of interest.
C) It can be used to create a complete genomic library.
D) It does not contain the introns of eukaryotic genes.
E) It is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.
C # 2 chap 19 and lecture
9 ___ Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering
than are animals because
A) a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant
B) more vectors are available for plant cells
C) plant cells have larger nuclei
D) plant genes do not contain introns
E) recombinant genes can be inserted into plant cells
by microinjection
A lec and #3 chap 19
10 ___ Which of the following has not yet been attempted or
achieved?
A) genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles
B) introduction of genetically engineered genes
into human germ cells
C) prenatal identification of genetic disease genes
D) production of hormones for treating human diseases
B lec and #6 chap 19
11 ___ The human genome project involves
all of the following except the
A) alteration of the human genome
B) analysis of the genomes of other species
C) location of RFLP markers
D) physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) sequencing of the entire human genome
A lec and #5 chap 19
12 ___ Which of the following are part of the
peripheral nervous system? (no partial credit)
A) cranial nerves B) Spinal cord
C) Spinal nerves D) all of these
` A and C lec and revised #1 chap 11
13 ___ Which cell type lines the brain cavities?
A) astrocyte B) ependymal C) microglia
D) oligodendrocyte E) satellite cell F) Schwann cell
B #2 chap 11 and lecture
14 ___ Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by
A) arachnoid villi B) choroid plexuses
C) dura mater D) all of these
B #4 chap 12 and lecture
15 ___ Ascending pathways in the spinal cord convey which impulses?
A) commissural B) motor
C) sensory D) all of these
C lec and #6 chap 12
16 ___ The optic nerve carries stimuli from
A) chemoreceptors B) mechanoreceptors
C) photoreceptors D) all of these
C lecture
20 (1) Explain the function of homeobox protein domains.
These sections bind to DNA lecture handout
21 (1) What IS a node of Ranvier?
(NO credit for what a node of Ranvier DOES.)
position at which there is a small gap in the myelin sheath or
position at which the myelin sheath of 2 support cells abuts
or similar wording. Lecture
22 (1) Why is an IPSP inhibitory?
makes membrane potential more negative or
it hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
lec and #11 chap 11
23 (1) Localize the reticular formation in the brain.

it runs through the center of the brain stem or
"extends through central core of medulla, pons and midbrain"
lecture and # 19 chap 12
24 (1) The vagus nerve innnervates organs of which body cavity(ies)?
Thorax (0.5) and abdomen (0.5) or ventral (1) lecture
25 (1) The deficit of which neurotransmitter
is important in Parkinson's disease? ________________________
dopamine CT/A # 3 chap 15
L-dopa + zero
26 (1) Define analgesia.
lessening of pain without loss of consciousness RCT chap 15

"pain relieving" +.5 (coma inducing would be pain relieving)
basal lecture
27 (1) The _______________________ cells of the
taste bud are capable of cell division.
32 (1) The figure below
shows the procedure called ________________________________
chorionic villi sampling lecture
fig 30.10B
33 (1) Which letter is within the parietal lobe? _____
lec and # 1 chap 12
fig 12.8
34 (1) Which letter indicates one of the rami communicates? ____
lecture and #12 chap 13
35 (1) Place an X in a representation
of a ganglion. Be sure that
your X is big enough to be
seen and has its crossover
precisely within the ganglion.
lecture and #12 chap 13 fig 13.15b
This next exam is the fall 95 final exam section 3
4 ___ Apparently, your muscle cells are different from
your nerve cells mainly because they
A) contain different genes
B) express different genes
C) have different chromosomes
D) use different genetic codes
B lecture and #2 chap 18
5 ___ The template used to make cDNA is a(n)
A) DNA B) mRNA C) plasmid D) restriction fragment
B lecture and #10 chap 19
6 ___ Which of these techniques is most useful for increasing the
amount of DNA available for testing from a small DNA sample?
A) electroporation B) gel electrophoresis
C) in situ hybridization D) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
E) RFLP analysis
D lec and #4 chap 19
7 ___ Chemical synapses are characterized by all of the following
except
A) a fluid-filled gap separating neurons
B) ions flowing through protein channels from the presynaptic
to the postsynaptic neuron
C) postsynaptic membranes bearing receptors that bind
neurotransmitter
D) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic membranes
B lec and # 6 chap 11
8 ___ Which one of these choices symbolizes an amino acid
neurotransmitter?
O
A) H2N--CH2--COOH B) H3C--C--O--CH2--CH2--N--(CH3)3

C) Tyr Gly Phe Met D) none of these
A lecture
9 ___ The brain area through which all the sensory input
must travel to get to the cerebral cortex is the
A) cerebellum B) corpus callosum
C) pons D) thalamus
D lec and # 2 chap 12
10 ___ Gustatory cells are stimulated by
A) photons of light
B) stretch
C) substances in solution
D) the movement of otoliths
C lec and #4 chap 16
16 (1) Explain the functional difference between hemoglobin
containing beta globin rather than gamma globin proteins.
The 2 hemoglobins
have different
oxygen affinities. Lecture
17 (3) A woman with blood type B has two children with the same man.
One child has type O blood and the other has type A blood.
(Note: if you use non-standard symbols in the answers below,
be sure that you define your symbols to the right!)
revised #6 chap 30 IBi, IAi, type A
IBi What is the genotype of the mother? ___________
IAi What is the genotype of the father? ___________
type A What is the phenotype of the father? ___________

18 (1) Define myelogram.
X-ray of the
spinal cord
after injection
of contrast medium
19 (3) List the structural components of the peripheral nervous
system, and describe the function of each component.
sensory receptors +.5
respond to environmental
changes +.5
nerves +.5
transmit impulses +.5
motor endings +.5
activate effectors
#9 chap 13
20 (1) Describe the basis of biofeedback training.
#12 chap 14
Making a subject aware
of normally subconscious
events
21 (1) What brain areas are involved in Parkinson's disease?
cta #3 chap 15
at least 2 of the following
substantia nigra
caudate nucleus
putamen nucleus
(lentiform nucleus)
or basal nuclei
25 (1) Which of these steps (1 though 6)
is performed by a restriction enzyme? ________
2 +.5
&
3 +.5
2 & 4 = -1 (no credit)
4 & 5 = -1 (no credit)
26 (3) The diagram below shows a sensory neuron with associated items.
A) What structural type of
neuron is shown in the diagram? ____________________________
unipolar. lec

B) Name the item labeled B ____________________________
satellite cell lec

C) Name the item labeled C ____________________________
nucleus lec
27 (1) Both questions refer to the diagram below.
B Which lettered line indicates the corpus callosum? ______
O Which lettered line indicates the medulla oblongata? ______
28 (1) Which lettered line
on the figure of the
spinal cord to the
right indicates
A the cervical region? _____
29 (1) Which lettered roots in the diagram below
contribute to the nerve at the end of the arrow? _______
E +.5
&
F +.5
E or F and any other -1 (no credit)
E and F and any other -.5
E and F and any others -1 (no credit)
Fall 1995 note: These past exam questions are a combination of a
posting from past years of practie questions. At the end are the Fall
1994 third exams and final section 3.
Note that in several cases there are genetic symbols that need italics
and/or superscripts, which are not indicated on this posting, and which
may not be accepted as your answers on this years exams.
This collection of questions are questions from past exams that are
relevant to exam 3 in Fall 1993.
These questions are the relevant questions from third exams spring 1993
7 ___A Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology
is incorrectly paired with its use?
A) DNA ligase -enzyme that cuts DNA, creating "sticky ends"
B) DNA polymerase - enzyme used in PCR to amplify DNA
C) electrophoresis - DNA sequencing
D) restriction enzyme - production of RFLPs
E) reverse transcriptase - production of cDNA from mRNA
(Lecture and Chap 19 Campbell, #1)
8 ___C Which of the following is not true of complementary DNA?
A) It can be amplified by a polymerase chain reaction
B) It can be used as a probe to locate a gene of interest
C) It can be used to create a complete genomic library
D) It eliminates the introns of eukaryotic genes
E) It is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase
(Lecture and Chap 19 Campbell, #3)
9 ___C The diagram below shows which structural type of neuron?
(diagram as on class handout)

A) bipolar B) multipolar C) unipolar D) vagal
(Lecture)
10 ___B Chemical synapses are characterized by all of the following
except
A) a fluid filled gap separating the neurons
B) ions flowing through protein channels from the
presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron
C) postsynaptic membranes bearing receptors that bind
neurotransmitters
D) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic
membranes
(Lecture and Chap 11 # 6)
11 ___A The primary motor cortex, Broca's area and the premotor
area are all located in which lobe?
A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal
(Chapter 12 #1)
12 ___A Which one of the following regions is involved in control
of temperature, ANS reflexes, hunger and water balance?
A) hypothalamus B) medulla C) pons D) thalamus
(Lecture and Chap 12 #2 part 3)
15 (1) The process by which the possible developmental
fates of a particular cell become limited is called __
determination (Lecture)
16 (1) A permanent structural change in a gene is called a(n) _
mutation (Chap 30, related clinical term)
17 (1) A woman with type A blood is the mother of two children.
One child has type O blood, the other has type B blood.
What is the genotype of the mother? ___________ IAi
(Chapter 30, #6)
18 (3) Explain how recombinant DNA technology and related
techniques could be used to identify a rapist?
(This is a three point question, and there are three short statements
that will appear in my answer key that are a mininmally acceptable
answer. Don't think that you need to fill this page front and back
with the answer! I will subtract one point for each TERRIBLE statement
that is wrong, out of order, irrelevant, etc)
(Chap 19, #1 and indirectly lecture)
(The three points below are the answers)
1. Isolate DNA from a semen sample from the female victim
2. Isolate DNA from a suspect under court order
3. Perform RFLP analysis to see if the suspect's DNA is the
same as the DNA taken from the victim, beyond reasonable
doubt.
19 (1) Which type of support cell lines the central
cavities of the brain and spinal cord? _______ependymal
(Lecture and Chap 11, #2)
20 (1) A bundle of neuronal processes in the PNS is called a(n) _
nerve (lecture, homework indirectly)
21 (1) The brain area through which all sensory input
must travel to get to the cerebral cortex is the _ thalamus
(Lecture and Chap 12, #2 part 7)
22 (1) An X-ray of the spinal cord after
injection of a contrast medium is called a(n) ____myelogram
(Related clinical term Chapter 12)
23 (3) List the structural components of the peripheral nervous
system.
Nerves, sensory receptors, motor endings
(Lecture and Chapter 13, #9)
24 (1) The sympathetic division of the ANS controls the muscles of
the iris of the eye, even though the sympathetic nerves emerge
from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. What structure
conducts the impulses UPWARD to the iris (and parallel to the
spinal cord)?
(lecture) _______Sympathetic chain or trunk
25 (1) The medical chart of a 68-year-old man includes the
following notes: "Slight tremor of right hand at rest; stony
facial expression; difficulty in initiating movements." Based on
your present knowledge, what is the diagnosis?
(Lecture and Chap 15, CT&A #3) ___ Parkinson's (or dyskinesia)
28 (1) Which of these genes in the beta globin gene
family shown below is expressed in the fetus? _G & A gamma
(no partial credit) (lecture)
(figure 18.9 of Campbell 2E)

29 (1) The process diagrammed
to the right with the ? (This diagram was from the
to the right of it is basic strategy of genetic
engineering diagram)
called ________ transformation or genetic engineering _
(lecture)
These questions are relevant questions from section 3 of the spring 93
final exam.
6 ______ Metastasis is
A) a mutation activates a protooncogene
B) loss of contact inhibition
C) remission of a tumor to a stable condition
D) the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin
E) transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell
7 ______ Alternate forms of a gene are called
A) alleles B) genotype C) phenotype D) sex chromosomes

8 ______ Which of the following sequences along a double stranded
DNA molecule may be recognized as a cutting site for a
particular restriction enzyme?
A) AAGG B) ACCA C) AGTC D) GGCC E) TTTT
TTCC TGGT TCAG CCGG AAAA
9 ______ The template used to make cDNA is
A) a DNA probe B) a plasmid C) a restriction fragment
D) DNA E) mRNA
10 ______ Recombinant DNA technology has many medical applications.
Which of the following has not yet been attempted or
achieved?
A) introduction of genetically engineered genes into
animal germ cells
B) genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles
C) prenatal identification of genetic disease genes
D) production of hormones for treating diabetes and
dwarfism
E) production of subunits of viruses that may serve as
vaccines
F) none of the above (that is, they have all been attempted
or achieved)
11 ______ The cell diagrammed
to the right is
A) bipolar
B) multipolar
C) unipolar
D) none of the above
12 ______ Phagocytes in the CNS are called A) astrocytes
B) ependymal cells C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes
E) satellite cells F) Schwann cells
13 ______ A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has
caused dysfunction of the precentral gyrus of his right
cerebral cortex. As a result, the patient
A) cannot voluntarily move her or his left arm or leg
B) feels no sensation on the left side
C) feels no sensation on the right side
D) none of the above
16 (2) The globin proteins made by the different globin genes are
not structurally identical (that is, they have different
amino acid sequences). You should also know two facts that
indicate that the different globin proteins are
functionally different. What are these two facts?
17 (2) Why is the genetic change causing Huntington's disease
classified as dominant by clinicians but more properly
classified as incompletely dominant by geneticists?
18 (1) What usually causes Down syndrome?
19 (1) About how many EcoRI recognition sites are in the human
genome? ____________________
20 (2) List two ways in which the cerebellum is very similar to
the cerebrum. Be sure one is an anatomical similarity and
the other is a functional similarity.
21 (1) A collection of fascicles and blood vessels surrounded by

tough connective tissue is called a(n) __________________
22 (2) What organs does the vagus nerve innervate and what
physiological processes does it control?
23 (2) Describe the basis and uses of biofeedback training.
27 (1) The clustered "coil"
of cell bodies in the
diagram to the right is
called a(n) _______________
These questions are from the final exam from Fall 1992
1____ DNA is cleaved at specific base sequences by
A) DNA ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) Restriction enzymes
D) Reverse transcriptase
modified from #14 exam 3
2____ In recombinant DNA methods, the term "vector" refers to
A) a DNA probe used to locate a particular gene
B) a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living
cell
C) an RFLP marker
D) the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments
repeat from exam 3
3____ Which of the following is not a technique for introducing
recombinant DNA into host cells?
A) electrophoresis
B) infection by Agrobacterium
C) infection by bacteriophage
D) microinjection
E) transformation using recombinant plasmids
homework #2chapter 19, mentioned in lecture
4____ Which of the following is not true of complementary DNA?
A) It can be amplified by a polymerase chain reaction.
B) It can be used as a probe to locate a gene of interest.
C) It can be used to create a complete genomic library
D) It does not contain introns of eukaryotic genes.
E) It is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase
homework # 3 chapter 19
5____ Some of the possible ethical, social and legal issues attached to
the Human Genome Project are (chose the best answer):
A) Discrimination in eligibility for insurance coverage
B) Discrimination in employment due to genetic composition
C) Stigmatization by society due to genetic composition
D) Tremendous depression upon learning of a genetic disease
E) All of the above
(from assigned reading and lecture discussion)
6____ Which of the choices is part of the peripheral nervous system?
A) a nerve
B) a tract
C) the brain
D) the spinal cord
E) none of the above (that is, they are all part of the CNS)
(revised exam 3)
7____ The cells that form myelin sheaths in the PNS are
A) astrocytes B) ependymal cells
C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes
E) satellite cells F) Schwann cells (revised exam 3)
8____ Cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the blood through
A) arachnoid villi
B) choroid plexuses
C) dura mater
D) all of these
revised from exam 3
9____ Descending pathways in the spinal cord convey
A) commissural impulses
B) motor impulses
C) sensory impulses
D) all of these
revised exam 3
10___ The parasympathetic nerve that regulates the heart and lung is
the
A) abducens
B) glossopharyngeal
C) sympathetic trunk (or sympathetic chain)
D) vagus
E) none of the above
revised exam 3
11___ The neural machinery of the brain involved in motor controls is
at the
A) programs level
B) projection level
C) segmental level
D) none of the above
revised exam 3
Part 2, short answers (the point value of each question is in
parentheses)
12 (1) A woman and man who lived their entire lives on Long Island had
a child that suffers from Sickle-Cell Anemia. They had never had any
symptoms of the disease, and were terribly surprised by their child's
illness. Why did they not have any symptoms, in spite of the fact that
the gene is not completely recessive? (surprise)
13 (3) Three processes that appear to have been involved in the
evolution of the beta globin gene family are
14 (1) A restriction enzyme recognition sequence that is 4 base pairs
in size appears once in every ____________________________ DNA base
pairs on average.
15 (1) The part of the diencephalon that is the gateway to the
cerebral cortex is the ____________________________.
16 (1) The sensory information from proprioceptors goes to the
_____________ rather than the primary sensory cortex.
17 (1) How is the RAS (reticular activating system) important in
alertness?
18 (1) How is an EPSP different from an action potential? (note: there
are at least three different acceptable answers. 1 is enough.)
19 (2) Describe what a central pattern generator is and what it does?
Part 3, diagrams (one point each)

20 (1) Which one of the lines A
labeled A, B, C or D in
the diagrams to the right
ends in the temporal lobe? _____
D --

C
21 (1) The area of the diagram
to the right that is circled
in red is the tract named the
_____________________________ (This was fig 12.8 with corpus
callosum are circled)
22 (1) According to the diagram
of the lumbar plexus to the right, (This diagram was fig 13.8)
which roots supply the femoral nerve?
These questions are from exam 3 in fall 1992. Remember, the seond
edition of campbell was used then.
1__B_ Apparently, your muscle cells are different from your nerve cells
mainly because they
A) contain different genes
B) express different genes
C) have different chromosomes
D) none of the above
Homework # 2, chapter 18, end lecture 27
2__D_ Cancerous metastasis is
A) a mutation activating a protooncogene
B) loss of contact inhibition
C) remission of a tumor to a stable condition
D) the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin
E) transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell
Homework # 5 chapter 18, related to lecture 28 and previous
lectures
3__B_ In recombinant DNA methods, the term "vector" refers to
A) a DNA probe used to locate a particular gene
B) a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living
cell
C) an RFLP marker
D) the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments
lecture 31, homework #8, chapter 19
4__E_ The template used to make cDNA is
A) a DNA probe
B) a plasmid
C) a restriction fragment
D) DNA
E) mRNA
lecture 32 and homework #9, chapter 19
5__A_ The human genome project involves all of the following except the
A) alteration of the human genome
B) analysis of the genomes of other species
C) location of RFLP markers
D) physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) sequencing of the entire nucleotide sequence of the human
genome.
homework, #5, chapter 19 and lecture 33)
6__A_ Which of the following structures is not part of the central
nervous system?
A) a nerve
B) a tract
C) the brain
D) the spinal cord
E) none of the above (that is, they are all part of the CNS)
homework #1, chpater 11, lecture 34 and 37)
7__D_ The cells that form myelin sheaths in the CNS are
A) astrocytes B) ependymal cells
C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes
E) satellite cells F) Schwann cells
Lecture 34 and hw#2chap11
8__B_ Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by
A) arachnoid villi
B) choroid plexuses
C) dura mater
D) all of these
(lecture 36 and homework #4, chap 12)
9_C_ Ascending pathways in the spinal cord convey
A) commissural impulses
B) motor impulses
C) sensory impulses
D) all of these
(lecture 37 and homework #6 chapter 12)
10_D_ The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
A) increases blood pressure
B) increases heart rate
C) increases respiratory rate
D) all of the above
E) only A and B above.
Homework # 2 chapter 14, associated with lecture 38)
11_C_ The neural machinery of the spinal cord involved in motor
controls is at the
A) programs level
B) projection level
C) segmental level
(lecture 39, homework #3, chapter 15)
Part 2, short answers (the point value of each question is in
parentheses)
12 (1) The mutant gene that produces four wings instead of two in
flies is called ________bithorax________________.
lecture 28 handout and lecture
13 (1) A woman and man have a child that is albino. The parents both
have normal pigmentation. What is the probablity that their next child
will be albino? ____1/4______or 25%___. (surprise!)
extension of #5, chap 30, related to lec 29
14 (1) DNA is cleaved at specific base sequences
by_______________________.
lecture 29, modified homework (chapter 19, #1 and 7)
15 (1) An application of genetic engineering that could lead to the
release more herbicide into the environment is
16 (1) Approximately how many base pairs are in the human genome?
(lecture 32)
17 (1) The prominent tract that connects the two hemispheres of the
brain and is immediately below the longitudinal fissure is the
(lecture 35)
18 (1) The part of the diencephalon that is the gateway to the
cerebral cortex is the ____________________.
(lecture 36)
19 (1) The brain area most concerned with equilibrium, body posture and
coordinatiion of motor activity is the __________________________
(lecture 36 and homework #2, chapter 12)
20 (1) How is the limbic system important in behavior? (lecture 36 and
homework #18, chapter 12)
21 (1) How is a receptor potential like an EPSP?
lecture 37 and homework, #10, CHAPTER 13)
22 (2) In the cartoon above, rascal seems to be displaying a type of
spinal reflex. Explain how a stimulus such as that administered in the
cartoon could lead to a response as shown without input from the brain.
lecture 38
(This showed a Curious Avenue cartoon in which the child was scratching
the dog, Rascals, rump, and then the dog would stomp its leg)
(Afferent impulse, synapse in cord, efferent impulse, synapse in
muscle, 0.5 each)
Part 3, diagrams (one point each)

23 (1) Figure 12.7. Which one of A
the lines labeled A, B, C or D in
the diagrams to the right
ends in the occipital lobe? __C__
(Lecture 35) D --

C
24 (1) According to the diagram
to the right, which roots supply
the median nerve?
_____________________________________
(lecture 37 and homework # 13, chapter 13)
This section is answers to questions above
Answers to section 3, spring 1993 final exam.
1. C (interstitial cells of the testes
2. A
3. This is meaningless for me to answer,
since you can't see the diagram.
4. C
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. D
9. E
10. F
11. This is meaningless for me to answer,
since you can't see the diagram.
12. C
13. A
14. a) The hormone HCG, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
b) So that it continues the hormonal stimulation of the uterine
lining
15. Ossification
16. The 2 globins in adults (alpha and beta) are functionally different
because you do not see hemoglobin molecules with 4 beta globins or
4 alpha globins, for example. That is, 2 beta globins do not substitute
for 2 alpha's in adult hemoglobin.
Also, fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult
hemoglobin
17. Clinicians see disease in the heterozygote
Geneticists see a difference in phenotype between the heterozygote
and homozygote diseased because homozygotes with 2 mutant genes are not
seen, thus the mutations must be lethal in homzygotes.
18. Trisomy 21 (Interestingly, it really is trisomy 22. Chromosomes 21
and 22 are so similar in size that they were misinterpreted for a long
time!)
19. 700,000
20. Anatomical: both convoluted (others obviously possible)
Functional: Both have sensory and motor maps (others possible)
21. Nerve
22. Mostly thoracic and abdominal
Heart rate, breathing, digestive system activity (and others)
23. Basis: patient allowed to monitor "involuntary" functions
technologically, thus developing the ability to consciously control
those functions To manage migraine headaches and stress
24. This is meaningless for me to answer, since you can't see the diagram.
25. This is meaningless for me to answer, since you can't see the diagram.
26. This is meaningless for me to answer, since you can't see the diagram.
27. (Basal) Nucleus
These answers are from final exam Fall 1992
1. C, Restriction enzymes
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. E
6. A
7. F
8. A
9. B
10. D
11. A & B
12. They were never under oxygen stress (reduced oxygen concentration)
13. Duplication, transposition, mutation
14. 256 (one quarter to the fourth power)
15. Thalamus
16. Cerebellum
17. Various answers possible Inhibited by sleep centers was popular
18. EPSP is a graded potential
19. A CPG is a segmental circuit of the spinal cord that controls locomotion.
CPGs produce rythmic muscular contractions
that pruduce normal patterns of locomotion
20. This is meaningless for me to answer, since you can't see the diagram.
21. corpus callosum
22. L2, L3, and L4 (this required you to understand how to "map" the
origin of the nerve by tracing "upstream" from the nerve.)
This is the end of the answers section so far
The following is the key to the fall 1993 exam 3
8 ___ Which is an example of a homeotic mutant gene?
A) anterior/posterior B) bithorax
C) crystallin D) differentiation
E) (epsilon) globin F) fetal globin
G) G & A gamma globins H) hemoglobin
B. lecture handout.
9 ___ Which of the following sequences along a double-stranded DNA
molecule may be recognized as a cutting site for a particular
restriction enzyme?
A) AAAA B) AAGG C) ACCA D) AGTC E) GGCC
TTTT TTCC TGGT TCAG CCGG
E #9, chap 19 Campbell and lecture
10 ___ Which of the following techniques would be most useful for
increasing the amount of DNA available for testing from a small
sample of preserved tissue?
A) electroporation B) gel electrophoresis
C) in situ hybridization D) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
E) RFLP analysis
D. Lecture and #4, chap 19 Campbell
11 ___ The Human Genome Project involves all of the following goals
except
A) altering the human genome
B) the analysis of the genomes of other species
C) the location of RFLP markers
D) the physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) the sequencing of the entire human genome
A. #5, chapter 19 Campbell 3E.
12 ___ Which of the following structures is not part of the central
nervous system?
A) a nerve B) a tract C) the brain D) the spinal cord
A. lecture and #1, chap 11.
13 ___ Biogenic amine neurotransmitters include all but
A) acetylcholine B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine D) serotonin
A. #7, chap 11
14 ___ The diagram to the right shows the
A) cerebellar motor cortex
B) cerebellar sensory cortex fig 12.10 right
C) cerebral motor cortex
D) cerebral sensory cortex.
D. lecture
15 ___ Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by
A) arachnoid villi
B) pineal gland
C) choroid plexuses
D) dura mater
C lec and #4 chap 12

19 (2) A woman with blood type A has two children with the same man.
One child has type O blood and the other has type B blood.
What is the genotype of the mother? __________
What is the phenotype of the father? __________
mother IA i father type B (IB i gets zero credit)
#6, chap 30 and (logical deduction from) lecture handout.
20 (1) Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering
than are animals because
a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant
#3, chapter 19, campbell and lecture
certainly incorrect answers:
1. plant genes do not contain introns
2.more vectors are available for
transferring recombinant DNA into plants.
3.recombinant genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection
4.plant cells have larger nuclei.
There may be other correct and incorrect answers given by those
unaware of the connection between this question and the homework
question.
21 (3) Introduction: Linda Yalem, who was a UB student training alone
for the New York City marathon, was raped and murdered in broad
daylight just off the bike path near campus. The murderer is
known to be the same assailant of several other women who
survived other attacks because DNA fingerprints from semen from
the murder scene and the other attacks are identical.
The question: Describe, in detail, the steps you need to do to
visualize the bar code-like DNA fingerprint pattern from a semen
sample.
Grading: 0.5 points per correct step.
0.5 points subtracted for each incorrect step.
0.5 points subtracted for each unnecessary step.
Minimum score is zero. That is, if you enter 10 ridiculous
steps, you will still only lose 3 points, so don't be
afraid to attempt this question, but answer it precisely.
Enter your answer below:
1. Isolate DNA from the semen (isolate DNA from white blood cells -.5)
2. Treat the DNA with a restriction enzyme
(a restriction enzyme is added to the three samples -.5)
3. Electrophorese the treated DNA (to produce visible bands, -.5)
4. The DNA is blotted onto special paper
(Denaturing the DNA is optional in answer. If it is included,
you will not lose points for saying by heating as described in
campbell 3E, but that is not the way it is in fact done.)
5. Add radioactive probe to paper (to visualize bands on paper -.5)
6. rinse away excess probe and autoradiograph paper to visualize bands
on the film.
Mentioning PCR is likely to result in point deductions.
Yes, this is going to be a nightmare to grade. I'm looking
forward to it. The basic idea is that you will get basically nothing
for copying descriptions to the procedures in Campbell, but if you
understand the procedure well enough to realize the errors in the
diagrams from Campbell and to apply that knowledge to a specific case
of semen DNA fingerprints, you will easily get full credit. I hope. I
hope I don't rationalize.
A previous exam question, WHICH WAS WORDED DIFFERENTLY, listed a
three step answer like
1) isolate DNA from semen from the crime scene,
2) isolate DNA from the suspect,
3) do RFLP analysis to compare them.
THIS WAS NOT THE SAME QUESTION.
THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION WAS AN
ELABORATION OF BASICALLY POINT 3!
Thus, this old answer got only 0.5
points, that is, it did not include 5
of the specific steps, and so
lost 2.5 points.
lecture and challenge question 1 Campbell 2E
22 (1) Define plexus Areas in which branches of spinal nerves are
joining, redistributing and diving again. Lecture and #13, chap 13
23 (1) A viral inflammation caused by herpes zoster (the chickenpox
virus), which invades the dorsal roots of spinal nerves and causes
blisterlike skin lesions is called __________________shingles related
clinincal term chapter 13
24 (1) The medical chart of a 68-year-old man includes the following
notes: "Slight tremor of right hand at rest; stony facial expression;
difficulty in initiating movements." Based on your present knowledge,
what is the diagnosis of the disease the man is suffering from?
Parkinsons CT&A #3 chapter 15.
or
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is OK, at this level of study
26 (2) Both parts of this question refer to the diagram of a neuron in
the peripheral nervous system below.
A B
modified fig 11.2 E
What is the name of the cell at the end of line A? ____Schwann
lecture and # 2 and 15, chapter 11.
Due to the abysmal level of most answers, we awarded
0.5 point to the answer "cell body".
What is the name of the structure
indicated by the oval at the end of line B?_________ the nucleus
lecture
27 (2) In the diagram below depicting spinal cord anatomy,
the structure at the end of line A is _________________________
dorsal root ganglion lecture and #12 chap 13
"Dorsal root", "spinal nerve" and "ganglion"
all lost 1 point, and I won't budge on those.
We did accept "Dorsal foot ganglion" in the
spirit of the holidays!
and
the covering at the end of line B is __________________________
dura mater (a bit of a surprise)
meninges lost 1 point.
28 (1) The nerve drawn diagram from
in the diagram table 13.2
to the right is the _____________________Vagus page 437 of book
lecture
29 (1) The structure extending down from this arrow
is the __________________sympathetic chain +/or trunk
or paravertebral ganglia
(figure was "sympathetic side" of fig 14.2, page 461)

The following is final exam section 3 from fall 1993, without answers
5 ___ The event that resulted in the movement of one ancestral globin
gene to a different chromosome is best called
A) duplication B) mutation
C) transposition D) none of these
6 ___ Which of the following is not true of complementary DNA?
A) It can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction
B) It can be used as a probe to locate a gene of interest
C) It can be used to create a complete genomic library
D) It eliminates the introns of eukaryotic genes
E) It is produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase
7 ___ A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the
400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo. She would like
to compare DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds. Which
of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount
of DNA available for testing?
A) electroporation
B) gel electrophoresis
C) in situ hybridization
D) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
E) RFLP analysis
8 ___ The Human Genome Project involves all of the following except
A) altering the human genome
B) the analysis of the genomes of other species
C) the location of RFLP markers
D) the physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) the sequencing of the entire nucleotide sequence of our
genome
9 ___ Chemical synapses are characterized by all of the following
except
A) a fluid-filled gap separating the neurons
B) ions flowing through protein channels from the presynaptic
to postsynaptic neuron
C) postsynaptic membranes bearing receptors that bind
neurotransmitters.
D) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic membranes
10 ___ In the diagram to the right,
which line ends in the cerebellum?
11 ___ The neural machinery of the spinal cord is at the
A) programs level B) projection level
C) segmental level
12 ___ The portion of the fibrous tunic that is white and opaque is
the
A) choroid B) cornea C) retina D) sclera

16 (2) A woman with type O blood has 2 children with the same man.
One child has type O blood. The other child has type B blood.
What is the genotype of the father? _________________
What is the phenotype of the father? ________________
17 (1) Sketch a diagram of a unipolar neuron.
18 (1) Define myelogram.
19 (2) Describe the formation of a spinal nerve. That is, explain what
structures are located between the spinal cord and spinal nerve,
and how those structures are combined to form the spinal nerve.
20 (1) How is a receptor potential like an EPSP?
21 (1) Define vagotomy
Part 3, Diagrams. (The point value of each question is in parenthesis)
22 (2) In the diagram below, line A ends in the ____________________
and line B ends in the ________________________
23 (3) In this diagram of gene cloning
The molecule
labeled A
is called
_________________
The process
carried out
in step B is
performed by
_________________
The process
carried out
in step C
is called
___________________
24 (1) The cell drawn to
the right is a(n)
_________________
25 (1) The cells drawn
to the right are
_________________
26 (2) Of the structures named below, which are commissures?
(Note: an equal amount of credit will be subtracted for each
wrong answer as is awarded for each correct answer. The total
will be no worse that -2, that is, no credit for the question)
Write your anwswers in this space:
This is exam 3 from the morning class of Fall 1994
6 ___ Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes by the process called
A) duplication B) homeotis C) mutation D)
transposition
C lec
7 ___ Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology
is used to produce RFLPs?
A) DNA ligase B) DNA polymerase
C) restriction enzyme D) reverse transcriptase
C lec and #1, chap 19
8 ___ Which of the following is not part of the central nervous
system
A) a nerve B) the brain C) the spinal cord
D) none of these (that is, they are all part of the CNS)
A lec and modified #1, chap 11
9 ___ Which of these cells lines the brain cavities?
A) astrocyte B) ependymal cell C) microglia
D) oligodendrocyte E) satellite cell F) Schwann cell
B lec and #2, chap 11
10 ___ Which of these cells myelinates nerve fibers in the CNS?
A) astrocyte B) ependymal cell C) microglia
D) oligodendrocyte E) satellite cell F) Schwann cell
D lec and #2, chap 11
11 ___ An IPSP is inhibitory because it
A) changes the threshold of the neuron
B) hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
C) prevents calcium ion entry into the presynaptic terminal
D) reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the
presynaptic terminal
B lec and #11, chap 11
12 ___ L-Dopa is often used to treat which disease?
A) Huntington's B) multiple sclerosis
C) Parkinson's D) none of these
C CT+A #3 chap 15
13 ___ Gustatory cells are stimulated by
A) photons of light B) stretch
C) substances in solution D) the movement of otoliths
C lec and #4, chap 16
16 (2) Fetuses have a different hemoglobin than adults. How is the
fetal hemoglobin different physiologically (1), and why is that
physiologic difference important (1)?
fetal Hb has a higher oxygen affinity
in order to "steal" oxygen from the mother's blood
lecture
17 (2) A woman with blood type A has two children with the same man.
One has type O blood and the other has type B blood.
What is the genotype of the father (1)? ___________IBi
(use standard symbols or be sure to define your symbols!)
What is the phenotype of the father (1)? ___________type B
#6 chap 30
18 (1) Why must a DNA probe be used during human DNA fingerprinting
procedures instead of simply observing RFLPs in a gel after
electrophoresis?
Because individual bands would not be visible on the gel
lecture
19 (1) The brain area through which all sensory input
must travel to get to the cerebral cortex is the
__________________
thalamus lec and #2, chap 12
20 (1) How is the limbic system important in behavior?
It is the emotional brain
lec and #18, chap 12
21 (1) Define Paresthesia
An abnomal sensation (burning, tingling) resulting from a
disorder of a sensory nerve RTC chap 13
22 (1) Describe the basis of biofeedback training.
The use of monitoring devices that provide
awareness of autonomic function
#12, chap 14
25 (1) The figure below shows RFLP analysis of DNA extracted from
blood of a murder victim, a suspect in the murder (defendant),
and blood stains from the defendant's (suspect's) clothes.
Explain clearly whether and why this evidence supports the
guilt or innocence of the defendant.
Clearly, the blood of the victim is the same as the blood found
on the shirt of the defendant. So, if you state that, and write
that this evidence supports the guilt of the defendant, you will
get +1.
If you go on and on, telling me how the fact that the number of
comparisons (bands) are so few as to make this almost
meaningless,
and that no control population was shown to be used to develop a
percent probabilty of identity between victim's blood and shirt
blood,
or bring up the fact that finding blood on a shirt owned by the
defendant says NOTHING about whether the defendant was actually
WEARING the shirt when the blood got on it (how many times have
you
lent your shirt to a friend?) (cf. how many times have you lent
your shirt AND JEANS to a friend), you will be proving that you
understand the concept of innocent until PROVEN guilty, but you
won't
gain (or lose) any points on the question.
If you write that the pattern (absent) from blood on the
defendant's
jeans is not the same as the victim's, and that this supports
the innocence of the defendant, you will get Zero credit.
lecture
26 (1) Circle the area(s) in which neurotransmitters are stored in this
motor neuron.
circle the right end of the diagram
the axon termini - ONLY lecture
27 (1) The structure with
the asterisks (*)
inside it is the
____________________
corpus callosum
lec and #2, chap 12
28 (2) Which line
indicates a
dorsal root
ganglion? ____
2 lec and #24 chap 12 and #9, chap 13
Which line
indicates a
spinal nerve? ____
4 lec and #9, chap 13
29 (1) On the diagram
to the right,
circle the
brachial plexus
as specifically
as possible.
the plexus in the region of the shoulder.
lec and #13, chap 13
30 (1) Cranial nerve 10 (CN X)
depicted in this figure
is named the ___________
nerve.
vagus lec and RTC chap 14
31 (1) The structure
labeled 2 is the

_________________
optic nerve lecture
Part 4. Essay
32. (1) Briefly explain a potentially damaging or detrimental
outcome of the production and use of herbicide resistant
crop plants. (Grading key: If your answer is reasonably
correct, you may get one point. However, if your English
writing is poor, you may receive no credit. So, write a
good, but brief, explanation)
This raises the possibility of either home gardeners,
farmers or both releasing much more herbicide into the
environment,
thus damaging either the ecosystem or specific plants or animals.
OTHER ANSWERS ACCEPTABLE
Stating that there is NO potential detriment receives Zero
credit.
lecture
this is the evening exam 3 from fall 1994
3 ___ Apparently, our muscle cells are different from our nerve
cells mainly because they
A) contain different genes B) express different genes
C) have different chromosomes
D) use different genetic codes
B lec and #2 chap 18 Campbell
4 ___ Alternate forms of the same gene are called
A) alleles B) autosomes C) heterozygotes D) homozygotes
A) lecture and revised #1, chap 30
5 ___ The brain cell diagrammed to the right is a
A) bipolar neuron
B) multipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron table 11.1 top right
D) none of the above
C) unipolar lecture
6 ___ The astrocyte shown
to the right of this line
is a
A) bipolar neuron
B) multipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron figure 11.2 top left
D) none of the above
D lecture and #2, chap 11
7 ___ An IPSP is inhibitory because it
A) changes the threshold of the neuron
B) hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
C) prevents calcium ion entry into the presynaptic terminal
D) reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the
presynaptic terminal
B lec and #11, chap 11
8 ___ Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by
A) arachnoid villi B) choroid plexuses
C) the dura mater D) all of these
B lec and #4 chap 12
9 ___ The white matter areas within
the spinal cord to the right
are called
A) canals
B) meninges
C) nerves
D) tracts
D lecture
10 ___ Gastric motility and gastric secretions are increased by the
A) cerebral cortex B) parasympathetic division of ANS
C) sympathetic division of ANS D) none of these
B lec and #2 chap 14
11 ___ The neural machinery of the spinal cord is at which level?
A) programs B) projection C) segmental
C. lec and #3 chap 15
12 ___ Gustatory cells are stimulated by
A) photons of light B) stretch
C) substances in solution D) the movement of otoliths
C lec and #4 chap 16
17 (1) Clearly explain an example that indicates that different globin
proteins have different functions.
alpha and beta globins are not interchangeable in
a hemoglobin tetramer. OR
Fetal hemoglobin, containing different globins than adult,
has a higher oxygen affinity than adult.
lecture
NOTE: The grading of question 18a depends on your answer to 18b.
That is, a correct guess for the wrong reason will get zero
points!
18a (1) Suppose that you wish to accomplish "gene therapy" for a globin
protein abnormality by injecting a therapeutic recombinant DNA
into a fertilized egg which has defective globin genes. What
type of insert would you use in the therapeutic construct?
A) cDNA B) genomic DNA C) mRNA
D) synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN)

18b (1) Explain clearly why that choice would be best.
preferred answer is B (+1), so that the proper regulatory
sequences would be present (+1) in the therapeutic DNA
I will accept A, if you write that your vector would be
engineered to have the proper regulatory sequences on it! (+2)
I will not accept C or D.
lecture
19 (1.5) Name and briefly describe the 3 stages of neuron development
proliferation, during which the cells attain the correct number
migration, during which the cells attain correct positions
cellular differentiation, during which synapses are made and
neurons specialize biochemically
#25, chap 11

20 (0.5) What is the term used to describe the
outward folds or "ridges" of the cerebrum?
____________________
gyri. lec and #12 chap 12
21 (1) Name a commissure
in the diencephalon. _____________________
intermediate mass lec
22 (1) Spinal nerves divide
into structures called _________________
rami lec and #12, chap 13
23 (1) Define neurofibromatosis
A genetic disorder characterized, in some sufferers, by
tumors (neurofibromas) that may be grossly disfiguring.
related clinical term, chap 13
26 (1) The sampling process
shown to the right
is called
____________________
chorionic villi sampling lec
27 (3) These questions refer to
the steps in the diagram
to the right labeled with
the letter of the question
A. The enzyme
used in step A is
A)____________________
restriction enzyme
lec and #1 chap 19 Campbell
B. The enzyme
used in step B is
B) ____________________
DNA ligase
lec and #1, chap 19
C. Step C is called _____
1. cloning
2. in situ hybridization
3. reverse transcription
4. transformation
4. lecture
28 (1)
The structure running
along the right side of
the spinal cord in the
diagram is the

________________________________________
sympathetic chain or trunk lec
29 (1) The structure
labeled 2 in
the diagram to
the right is the
___________________
optic chiasm lec
Part 4. Essay
30. (1) Write a brief essay using effective English that explains how
RFLP analysis can be misused to the detriment of people.
(Grading key: If your answer is reasonably correct, you may get
one point. However, if your English writing is poor, you may
receive no credit. So, write a good, but brief, explanation.)
THIS IS NOT AN OPINION QUESION, PER SE. WRITING THAT RFLP
ANALYSIS
CANNOT BE USED DETRIMENTALLY WILL RECEIVE ZERO CREDIT!
RFLP analysis can be used as a method for discrimitation,
so that instead of "just" having race, religion, country of
national
origin, physical challenges and other such discrimination
criteria,
we will now be able to discriminate based AT LEAST on the exact
type
of every single gene we inherit. Someday, INTRON forms might
become
in or out of fashion, depending on the "ruling" powers that be.
OTHER ANSWERS ACCEPTABLE!
This is the fall 1994 final exam section 3, without answers
4 _____ Homeotic genes are involved in providing or establishing
A) hemoglobin B) homeostasis
C) overall body plan D) tissues
5 _____ Metastasis is
A) a mutation activates a protooncogene
B) loss of contact inhibition
C) remission of a tumor to a stable condition
D) the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin
E) transformation of a cell into a cancer cell
6 _____ Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology
is incorrectly paired with its use?
A) DNA ligase -- enzyme that cuts DNA
B) DNA polymerase -- used in PCR
C) electrophoresis -- DNA sequencing
D) restriction enzyme -- production of RFLPs
E) reverse transcriptase -- production of cDNA
7 _____ Which of the following is not a technique for introducing
recombinant DNA into host cells?
A) electrophoresis
B) infection by Agrobacterium
C) infection by bacteriophage
D) microinjection
E) transformation using recombinant plasmids
8 _____ The human genome project involves all of the following except
A) altering the human genome
B) the analysis of the genomes of other species
C) the location of RFLP markers
D) the physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) the sequencing of the entire nucleotide
sequence of the human genome
9 _____ Which type of neuron
is shown to the right?
A) bipolar
B) multipolar
C) unipolar
10 _____ Which cell type myelinates nerve fibers in the CNS?
A) astrocyte B) ependymal C) microglia
D) oligodendrocyte E) satellite D) Schwann
11 _____ Brain area that controls temperature, hunger and water balance
A) cerebellum B) hypothalamus
C) medulla D) thalamus
12 _____ Taste buds are found on the
A) anterior part of the tongue B) palate
C) posterior part of the tongue D) all of these
19 (2) A man and woman who both have blood type A have 5 children.
The fifth has a medical condition requiring a blood
transfusion, and the parents learn that the child has
blood type O. Upon learning that, the man claims that he
cannot be the father of the type O child.
Was the man's reaction justifiable genetically? Explain.
20 (1) The template used to make cDNA is ___________________
21 (1) What is the function of the PCR technique?
22 (2) What causes cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)?
What are typically symptoms of CVAs?
23 (3) List the structural components of the peripheral nervous
system, and describe the function of each component.
24 (1) The medical chart of a 68-year-old man includes the
following notes: "Slight tremor of right hand at rest;
stony facial expression; difficulty in initiating movements."
Based on your present knowledge, what is the diagnosis?
27 (2) Write the name of the
molecules located in
the circled organelle
on the line leading to it.
_________________________
The blackened molecules in
this region function as
_________________________
28 (2)
The blackened lobe
is called the
This region is the
___________________
_________________
29 (1) The structure
indicated by the
thick line is the
__________________
This is the Fall 1994 final exam section 3 WITH answers
4 _____ Homeotic genes are involved in providing or establishing
A) hemoglobin B) homeostasis
C) overall body plan D) tissues
C lecture handout
5 _____ Metastasis is
A) a mutation activates a protooncogene
B) loss of contact inhibition
C) remission of a tumor to a stable condition
D) the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin
E) transformation of a cell into a cancer cell
D #5 chap 18 2E
6 _____ Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology
is incorrectly paired with its use?
A) DNA ligase -- enzyme that cuts DNA
B) DNA polymerase -- used in PCR
C) electrophoresis -- DNA sequencing
D) restriction enzyme -- production of RFLPs
E) reverse transcriptase -- production of cDNA
A lec and #1 chap 19
7 _____ Which of the following is not a technique for introducing
recombinant DNA into host cells?
A) electrophoresis
B) infection by Agrobacterium
C) infection by bacteriophage
D) microinjection
E) transformation using recombinant plasmids
A #2 chap 19
8 _____ The human genome project involves all of the following except
A) altering the human genome
B) the analysis of the genomes of other species
C) the location of RFLP markers
D) the physical mapping of the chromosomes
E) the sequencing of the entire nucleotide
sequence of the human genome
A #5 chap 19
9 _____ Which type of neuron is shown to the right?
A) bipolar
B) multipolar
C) unipolar
B lecture handout!
10 _____ Which cell type myelinates nerve fibers in the CNS?
A) astrocyte B) ependymal C) microglia
D) oligodendrocyte E) satellite D) Schwann
D lec and #2 chap 11
11 _____ Brain area that controls temperature, hunger and water balance
A) cerebellum B) hypothalamus
C) medulla D) thalamus
B #2, chap 12 and lecture
12 _____ Taste buds are found on the
A) anterior part of the tongue B) palate
C) posterior part of the tongue D) all of these
D #3, chap 16
19 (2) A man and woman who both have blood type A have 5 children.
The fifth has a medical condition requiring a blood
transfusion, and the parents learn that the child has
blood type O. Upon learning that, the man claims that he
cannot be the father of the type O child.
Was the man's reaction justifiable genetically? Explain.
NO! The man and woman could both be genotype iIA
Grading key: I will not give partial credit if you guessed
no, while not explaining it properly.
#6, chap 30 (that is, revised question testing same
concepts)
20 (1) The template used to make cDNA is ________mRNA_______
lec and #1 chap 19
21 (1) What is the function of the PCR technique?
To amplify a specific fragment of DNA
lec and #1 chap 19
22 (2) What causes cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)?
Blockage of blood supply to a region of the brain (+1)
What are typically symptoms of CVAs?
paralysis and/or sensory deficits
(only 1 needed for +1 point)
Homework, chap 12
23 (3) List the structural components of the peripheral nervous
system, and describe the function of each component.
nerves +.5 conduct information =.5
sensory receptors +.5 respond to appropriate signal +.5
motor endings +.5 stimulates muscles or glands +.5
lecture and #9 chap 13
24 (1) The medical chart of a 68-year-old man includes the
following notes: "Slight tremor of right hand at rest;
stony facial expression; difficulty in initiating movements."
Based on your present knowledge, what is the diagnosis?
Parkinsons CT+A #3 chap 15
27 (2) Write the name of the
molecules located in
the circled organelle
on the line leading to it.
___neurotransmitters__
The blackened molecules in
this region function as
______ion channels_____
both lecture and some
homework questions chap 11
28 (2)
The blackened lobe
is called the____temporal____

This region is the __cerebellum__
both lecture and some questions chap 12